Dielectric metasurface zone plate for the generation of focusing vortex beams

Abstract

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum have important applications in high dimensional optical information processing, manipulations of tiny particles, super-resolution imaging and so on. Among various optical components, metasurface represents an ideal platform for realizing vortex beams with multiple optical functionalities due to its strong ability in manipulating the phase, polarization and amplitude of light. A metasurface combing the functions of a lens and a vortex beam generator can greatly shrink the size of many optical systems. Here, we alternatively propose a new metasurface design based on the concept of a Fresnel zone plate to generate, focus the vortex beams, and perform on-axis interference between different vortex beams. These functions are experimentally demonstrated through encoding the spiral phase profiles into the odd and even zones of a dielectric metasurface. The proposed vortex beam generation strategy employs the advantages of both the Fresnel zone plate and the metasurface, and may open new routes for high-dimensional optical information processing.

Introduction

In 1992, Allen et al. proposed that a Laguerre-Gaussian beam with a helical phase-front exp(il θ) carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) of lħ per photon [1], where l is the topological charge which determines how fast the phase changes along the azimuthal angle θ, ħ is the reduced Planck’s constant. Since then, vortex beams (VBs) with OAM have attracted increasing attention for their various applications in particle manipulations [2, 3], high dimensional information processing [4,5,6], optical metrology [7, 8], etc. Although conventional devices including spiral phase plates [9], spatial light modulators [10] and so on have been widely used to generate optical VBs, however, they are usually bulky and thus limit the miniaturization of corresponding optical systems. To some extent, this constraint can be circumvented by using metasurfaces which are composed of spatially variant subwavelength meta-atoms [11]. In last few years, metasurface technologies have been successfully applied to realize various planar optical components, such as metalenses [12,13,14,15], holograms [16,17,18,19,20,21,22], vortex beam generators [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35], pulse shaper [36] and so on. Recently, metasurface devices were also applied to the areas of quantum information. For example, metasurface chips for quantum entanglement states generation and reconstruction [37,38,39], cold atoms generation [40], high dimensional quantum source [41] were experimentally demonstrated.

Among various design strategies, the metasurfaces based on dynamic phase and geometric Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase are usually used to design optical components with high efficiency. For dynamic phase metasurface [11, 14], the phase modulation at specific wavelength is usually implemented by changing the geometrical size of the meta-atoms. For the P-B phase metasurface [23], the spatially dependent phase of transmitted or reflected light can be achieved by changing the orientation angle of the anisotropic meta-atoms. The metasurface VB generators can directly impart a spiral phase factor exp(ilθ) to the electric field of the incident light. In addition to generating VBs, metasurfaces are capable of integrating multiple functions into a single optical chip. For example, simultaneously generating and focusing of VBs were realized by using the phase profiles of a conventional lens [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. A plasmonic metasurface VB generator working in the visible region has low optical efficiency [28]. In order to further improve optical efficiency, both all-dielectric [30] and the metal-dielectric hybrid [33,34,35] metasurfaces have been proposed. In the microwave regime, which is not the focus of this work, the generation of high efficiency VBs also attract quite a lot of attentions [27, 31, 32].

Like metasurfaces, the Fresnel zone plate [42, 43] is another kind of planar optical devices. By imparting the pre-defined surface profiles into the two sets of neighboring rings of the Fresnel zone plates, one can control the propagation of electromagnetic waves by using optical diffraction effect. In this work, it is expected that the metasurface based Fresnel zone plate can be used for generating, focusing VB and even preform other optical functions. In the proof of concept experiment, the dielectric metasurface (Fig. 1a), consisting of polarization-independent silicon nitride (SiN_x) meta-atoms, are employed to generate the focusing VBs with OAM. In addition, we also demonstrated that the Hermite-Gaussian beam can be synthesized by generating two VBs with opposite OAM values and performing the on-axis interference. Compared to other strategies of generating the focusing multiple VBs, the metasurface zone plate proposed in this work represents a more intuitive route to introduce both the phase for focusing and the phase for controlling the topological charges of the vortex beams.

Fig. 1

Metasurface zone plate and the optical properties of the dielectric meta-atoms. a Schematic of a metasurface zone plate. b Side and top view of a single SiN_x meta-atom, which is arranged in a square lattice. c The calculated phase-retardation and transmittance of a single meta-atom in a unit cell with H = 1 μm, L = 400 nm as a function of the radius R at the incident light wavelength of 633 nm

Results and discussion

Design and fabrication of the metasurface zone plates

According to the Huygens-Fresnel principle, a typical Fresnel zone plate for focusing light wave consists of concentric rings with radii of ${r}_n=\sqrt{nf{\lambda}_0+\frac{n^2{\lambda}_0^2}{4}}$, where n is the serial number of rings, λ₀ is the wavelength of the incident light and f is the focal length corresponding to λ₀ [42]. Under normal incidence, the lights transmitted from two neighbored rings should have a π-phase difference at the focal point. In other words, the lights transmitted from all the even-numbered zones or from all the odd-numbered zones have the phase difference of 2qπ at the focal point, q is an arbitrary integer. In addition, the spiral phase zone plate for generating VB with specific OAM value can be obtained by introducing extra spiral phase profiles into the even- and odd-numbered zones respectively. Thus, the phase profiles of the spiral phase zone plate can be expressed as:

$$ {\varphi}_n\left(\theta \right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc} l\theta, & n=2m-1\\ {}\pi + l\theta, & n=2m\end{array}\right. $$

(1)

where θ = arctan(y/x) represents the azimuth coordinate at any position (x, y) on the zone plate and m is nonzero positive integer.

It should be noted that, the odd- and even-numbered zones can also provide a degree of freedom for independently generating two VBs with different OAM values, and therefore can perform the on-axis interference between different VBs. In this case, the spiral phase profiles are defined as:

$$ {\varphi}_n\left(\theta \right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{l}_1\theta, & n=2m-1\\ {}{l}_2\theta, & n=2m\end{array}\right. $$

(2)

where l₁ and l₂ can be arbitrary integers, representing the topological charges of the VBs generated by the odd- and even-numbered zones, respectively.

In this work, the required phase profiles are introduced by using SiN_x meta-atoms (Figs. 1a and b). The phase retardation, which is mainly due to the waveguide effect, can be described by ${\phi}_{WG}=\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }{n}_{eff}H$, where n_eff and H are the effective index and the height of the meta-atoms [14]. At the wavelength of 633 nm, the values of H and L are numerically optimized, which are H = 1 μm and L = 400 nm. Then, the value of n_eff can be adjusted by varying the radius of the meta-atom. Then, the phase retardations of the meta-atoms with different radii are calculated by using commercial finite difference time domain (FDTD) solver (Lumerical Inc.). The measured complex refractive index of the SiN_x material (Fig. S1) is used in the calculation. As shown in Fig. 1c, the eight phase retardations are equally spaced ranging from zero to 2π. The transmittances of the meta-atoms in a periodic lattice are also calculated and all of them are above 90%.

To verify the concept of generating focusing VB with the metasurface zone plate, four metasurface devices with eight phase steps are designed and fabricated. The focal lengths f of all the devices are set to be 2.0 mm at the wavelength of 633 nm. Figures 2a and b show the phase profiles for generating focusing VBs with topological charges of l = 2 and 3, respectively. In comparison, Figs. 2c and d correspond to the metasurfaces for generating focusing VBs with topological charges of +/− 2 and +/− 3, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the fabricated samples are shown in Figs. 2e-l, where all the areas without meta-atoms correspond to the phase retardation of zero.

Fig. 2

Design and fabrication of the dielectric metasurface zone plates. a–d The calculated phase profiles of the metasurface zone plates with topological charges of (a) l = 2, (b) l = 3, (c) l = +/− 2, (d) l = +/− 3. e–h The top-view SEM images of the fabricated metasurfaces corresponding to (a–d). Scale bar: 20 μm. i–l The side-view SEM images corresponding to (e–h). Scale bar: 1 μm

Optical characterization of the fabricated metasurface zone plates

All the four fabricated metasurface zone plates are experimentally characterized by using a home-build optical setup (Fig. S2). Firstly, the focusing properties of the fabricated metasurface zone plates with topological charges of l = 2 and l = 3 are measured. According to the geometrical symmetry of the meta-atom, we know that these samples are insensitive to the polarization of normally incident light. Without lack of generality, Figs. 3a-d and i-l show the measured intensity profiles along the propagating direction with horizontally polarized incident lights at four different wavelengths of 633 nm, 600 nm, 570 nm, and 532 nm. The corresponding focal lengths at the four wavelengths are 2.01 mm, 2.12 mm, 2.23 mm, and 2.37 mm, respectively. This negative dispersion property of the focal length is consistent with the theoretical prediction. According to the diffraction theory, the focal length of a Fresnel zone plate is $f\left(\lambda \right)=\frac{r_1^2}{\lambda }$ [42], where λ is the incident wavelength and r₁ is the radius of the first zone. The calculated relative deviations of the four measured focal lengths from the theoretical values are all less than 1%.

Fig. 3

The measured intensity profiles of the VBs along the propagating direction for the metasurface zone plates with topological charges of (a-d) l = 2 and (i-l) l = 3 at different wavelengths of (a, i) 633 nm, (b, j) 600 nm, (c, k) 570 nm, and (d, l) 532 nm. e-h and m-p are measured intensity profiles at the focal planes corresponding to (a-d) and (i-l). Scale bar: 10 μm. All the images are shown in false-color

Figures 3e-h and m-p show the doughnut-shaped intensity profiles of light at the corresponding focal planes at the four wavelengths of the metasurfaces with topological charges of l = 2 and 3. The intensity distributions at the focal planes can be analytically calculated by using Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction integral formula (Fig. S5), which are consistent with the experimental results. In order to determine the orbital angular momentum of the vortex beams, we calculate the off-axis interference patterns of the vortex beams with a Gaussian beam. As shown in Fig. S6, the fork patterns have two and three dislocated fringes, which indicate that topological charges of the VBs are l = 2 and l = 3, respectively. The intensity profiles in both Figs. 3e-h and Figs. 3m-p gradually deviate from an ideal doughnut shape when the wavelength of light is away from the designed wavelength of 633 nm. This is because that both the phase retardation and the transmission efficiency of every single SiN_x meta-atom are away from the optimized values. In order to verify the polarization insensitivity of our design, vertically polarized incident light is also used in the experiment. The measured results are same as those using a horizontally polarized incident light (Fig. S3). In addition, the polarization state of the transmitted light is experimentally analyzed (Figs. 4a and b). The polarization state of the transmitted light is almost same as that of the incident light.

Fig. 4

The measured intensity profiles at the focal planes of the metasurface device with topological charge of l = 2 at wavelength of 633 nm. a H-H polarization configuration. b H-V polarization configuration. c The measured optical efficiencies of the metasurface devices with topological charges of l = 2 (red lines) and l = 3 (blue lines). ‘H-H’, ‘H-V’ represent the horizontally polarized incident light with a horizontally or vertically polarized analyzer for the transmitted wave

Under the illumination of horizontally polarized light, the optical efficiencies of the metasurfaces with topological charges of l = 2 and l = 3 are characterized. As shown in Fig. 4c, the focusing efficiencies of the two metasurface devices are above 12% over the wavelength region from 560 nm to 680 nm. For the two metasurface devices, there are some differences in the wavelength dependent diffraction efficiency. This should be due to the different spiral phase profiles encoded into the metasurface zone plates. It seems that the measured optical efficiencies of the metasurfaces deviates far from the calculated ones in Fig. 1b. However, it should be noted that the meta-atoms in Fig. 1b are periodically arranged in a square lattice, which is very different from the metasurface zone plate. To estimate the diffraction efficiency of the metasurfaces, we assume the metasurface zone plate has an ideal phase distribution as that of a conventional Fresnel zone plate. The theoretical focusing efficiency of the primary focal point of an ideal phase-type zone plate is about 40.5% (Supplementary Information Section V). Thus, it reasonable to obtain the measured focusing efficiency lower than this value. We expect that the measured focusing efficiencies of the metasurface zone plate can be improved by optimizing the nanofabrication processes.

The metasurface devices with composite topological charges of l₁ = −l₂ = 2 and l₁ = −l₂ = 3 are also experimentally characterized. The intensity distributions of the VBs at the focal planes are shown in Figs. 5a-d, with working wavelengths of 633 nm, 600 nm, 570 nm, and 532 nm respectively. The petal distributions are produced by the interference of two different VBs. Comparing with the theoretically calculated results in Figs. 5e and j, it is found that the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical expectations. By using similar concepts, on-axis interference between arbitrary two VBs can be realized by encoding the spiral phase profiles into the odd- and even-numbered zones of a dielectric metasurface. This proposed device may have important applications in quantum information processing [37,38,39], angular velocity measurement of an object, rotating a tiny particle and so on.

Fig. 5

The measured intensity profiles at the focal planes of the metasurface devices with topological charges of (a-d) l = +/− 2 and (f-i) l = +/− 3. The light wavelengths are (a, f) 633 nm, (b, g) 600 nm, (c, h) 570 nm, and (d, i) 532 nm, respectively. The images are shown in false-color. Scale bar:10 μm. e, j The calculated intensity profiles corresponding to that in (a, f)

Conclusions

In summary, the designs of polarization-insensitive metasurface zone plates for generating the focusing VB and the multiple VBs with different OAM values are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The meta-surface zone plate takes the advantages of the intuitive design of the conventional phase-type Fresnel zone plate and the multiple degrees of freedom of the metasurfaces. It should be noted that the numerical aperture of the metasurface zone plate and topological charges of the generated vortex beams will finally be limited by the pixel size of the meta-atoms. The proposed strategy in this work may open new avenues for designing optical vortex beams with multiple functionalities.

Methods

Nanofabrication of the metasurfaces

Firstly, a 1000 nm thick SiN_x film was deposited on a silica substrate by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Then, a 125 nm thick electron resist (PMMA) layer was spin-coated onto the substrate and baked at the temperature 180 °C for 3 min. After that, a charge-dissipation layer was spin-coated on top of the PMMA layer and baked at the temperature of 90 °C for 2 min. Subsequently, the patterns of the metasurfaces were written into the PMMA layer by using the electron beam lithography. The charge-dissipation layer was removed with DI water, and the PMMA layer was developed with MIBK: IPA solution for two mins. Afterwards, a 20 nm thick Cr layer was deposited on top of the PMMA pattern by using e-beam evaporation and the patterns are transferred to the Cr layer through lift-off processes. The sample with the patterned Cr hard mask layer was etched through the inductively-coupled-plasma etching process. Finally, the metasurface devices were obtained after the removal of the Cr layer in the chromium etchant solution.