Fig. 8

3DOM dynamic imaging of microtubules in live U2OS cells. a Comparison of WF and 3DOM imaging of live U2OS cells expressing tubulin-GFP. b Representative time-lapse image of the white dashed box region in (a), with the change in \(\rho\) shown in the upper part and the change in \(\eta\) shown in the lower part. c Time-lapse orientation and position of the microtubules in the white box in (b). d 3D orientation of GFP molecules (superimposed to WF images) within the pink and blue boxes in (a), and the direction and color of the rods encode azimuthal angle \(\rho\) and polar angle \(\eta\), respectively. e Polar histogram of the orientation of all GFP molecules in (b). f Schematic diagram of the tubulin-GFP structure. The projection direction of the ensemble dipole in the x-y plane is perpendicular to the microtubule filaments, and the ensemble dipole has an angle with the z axis. Scale bars (a, b), 2 μm; (d), 500 nm