Fig. 4

Resolution evaluation in 3DOM. a Compare the light intensities of WF and 3DOM at different distances and orientations. The two sample points are convolved with PSF with subjected to background noise, with a SNR of 30 dB. b Comparison of the orientation mapping of dipoles. The preset orientation is indicated by the arrows, where the orientation of the arrow represents the azimuthal values and the color represents the polar angle value. c The fluorescence intensity profile along the x-axis of (a), with \(\Delta \rho\) of 90° and \(\Delta \eta\) of 0° recommended by the red area achieves a resolution of 50 nm. d The resolution varies with \(\Delta \rho\) and \(\Delta \eta\). e A comparison of the resolution between 3D-OM and SDOM at \(\Delta \eta\) of 0°. f Schematic representation of the point distributions of two adjacent points in \(\left( {x,y} \right)\), \(\left( {x,y,\rho } \right)\), and \(\left( {x,y,\rho ,\eta } \right)\) coordinates, respectively. The FWHM of the PSF is set to 250 nm in (a-e), and the pixel size is set to 25 nm in (a-e). scale bar: 500 nm