Fig. 3

Orientation analysis of simulated biological samples in 3DOM. a The schematic illustration of the simulated hemispherical samples. b The difference between the 3DOM reconstruction results and the preset angles for different layers of hemispherical samples. The gray dashed line represents the preset value, and the box whisker length and white line represent the standard deviation and mean value, respectively. c 3DOM imaging of monolayer sample (polar angle \(\eta\) of 90°). d 3DOM imaging of the simulated cross-line sample. The inset shows the distribution settings of the dipoles on the cross-line. d1 and d2 are the statistics distribution of the azimuthal and polar angles, respectively, within the white dashed box in (d). e 3DOM imaging of the simulated cross-line sample. The inset shows the distribution of the dipoles on the curve. e1 and e2 are the statistics of the azimuthal and polar angles, respectively, within the white dashed box in (e). The interquartile range (IQR) of the reconstruction data is displayed below the respective polar histograms. Rods are orientated according to the solved results \(\rho\) and color-coded according to the solved results \(\eta\), with their lengths proportional to \(\sin \eta\). The FWHM of the PSF is set to 250 nm. \(\beta\) set of 35°, the mean value of Gaussian noise to be 0.15% of the fluorescence intensity, and the per-pixel fluorescence intensity as a parameter for the Poisson distribution. Scale bar: 500 nm