Fig. 4

Robustness analysis of the POAMS against adverse conditions. Left panel: schematic diagrams of different adverse conditions. In the right panel, different curves represent the MSE values between POAMS outputs and ground truths after distortions on different datasets. Inset: randomly selected OAM spectrum results (TC range: \(-\)10 ~ 10) under corresponding adverse conditions. Every MSE value on curves is obtained from the average of 21 test modes. The test models in (c), (d) and (e) are fine-tuned with new electronic neurons to compensate for potential mismatches