| \({\varvec{\varDelta }\varvec{n}}_{\varvec{e}\varvec{f}\varvec{f}}\) | IL(dB) | Lπ (µm) | Eπ | Vπ (V) | Non-volatility | Rise timed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermo-optical (doped-Si) [12] | ~ 1.8 × 10− 4 Ă—âˆ†T[K] | 0.23 | 61.6 | 24.8 Ă— t[s] mJ | 4.36 | No | 2.69 µs |
Thermo-optical | ~ 1.8 × 10− 4 Ă—âˆ†T[K] | < 0.4 | > 200 | 20–25 Ă— t[s] mJ | 4 | No | 3.7 µs |
Thermo-optical (ITO) [49] | ~ 1.8 × 10− 4 Ă—âˆ†T[K] | < 0.01 | 50 | 10 Ă— t[s] mJ | 9.1 | No | 5.2 µs |
Thermo-optical with slow light [50] | ~ 0.1 | 2 | ~ 10 | 2 × t[s] mJ | 4.5 | No | 100 ns |
Electro-optical (depletion) [51] | 1.5 × 10− 4 | 3.6 | 1500 | ~ 2 Ă— t[s] pJ a | 10.7 | No | 15.5 ps |
Electro-optical (injection) [52] | ~ 10− 3 | 2 | 400 | 1.7 Ă— t[s] mJ | 2 | No | 24 ns |
Optoelectro- | ~ 0.01 | 0.47 | 84 | 179 × t[s] nJ | 2 | No | 123 ns |
Liquid crystal [9] | 0.016 | 0.25 | 49 | 1 Ă— t[s] nJ | 5 | No | 1 ms |
Plasmonic nonlinear polymer [10]c | 0.055 | 12 | 29 | 4 Ă— t[s] mJ | 45 | No | 15 ps |
BTO Pockels effect [11] | 7 × 10− 4 | 1 | 1000 | 8.2 Ă— t[s] mJ | 3.3 | No | 11.7 ps |
BTO Ferroelectric domain switching [53] | ~ 1 × 10− 4 / pulse | 0.07 | 150 | 4.6–26.7 pJ /pulse e | -10 | Yes | 300 ns |
LiNbO3 [54] | 1.5 × 10− 4 | 2.5 | 5000 | 53 Ă— t[s] mJ | 5.1 | No | 3.5 ps |
Transition metal dichalcogenides [55] | 1.5 × 10− 3 | 0.55 | 1000 | 0.64 Ă— t[s] nJa | 8 | No | 1 ns |
30 nm Sb 2 Se 3 cladding cry/am (this work) | 0.07 | 0.36b | 11 | 38.4 µJ / 176 nJ | 6.2/ 21.0 | Yes | 0.1-1 ms / 800 ns |