Fig. 6

Aberration correction for a hollow sphere sample with fluctuating signals. a Axial section (XZ) of the hollow sphere sample. The sample consists of two hollow spheres (outer diameter 6 μm, inner diameter 5 μm) whose centers are separated by 12 μm in the axial direction (Z). b Axial section of the image before AO correction (No AO), after AO correction with constant signals (AO CS), and after AO correction with fluctuating signals (AO FS) in a representative trial. The image without AO correction is digitally enhanced 8-fold to increase the visibility. The insets show the applied aberrated wavefront (No AO) and the measured aberrated wavefront (AO). c Modulation sequences to produce the fluctuating signals during aberration measurement in a representative trial. d Intensity profiles along the solid and dashed lines in (b). Scale bars, 4 μm