Fig. 2

Ultrafast radioluminescence of ZnO:Ga single crystal. a Schematic diagram of radioluminescence mechanism of ZnO:Ga single crystal. CB and VB denote the conduction band and valence band. e and h are electron and hole. b Spectra of the ZnO:Ga under various excitations show that obvious redshift with excited energy. c Schematic diagram of time-resolved radioluminescence measurement. d Single-particle time-resolved spectrum of ZnO:Ga excited by alpha particles. Its illustration corresponds to the logarithmic form of luminous waveform. e Reported decay time of various scintillators [26,27,28,29]