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Fig. 8 | PhotoniX

Fig. 8

From: Intelligent designs in nanophotonics: from optimization towards inverse creation

Fig. 8

(a) An inverse-designed diamond vertical coupler with a plot of coupling efficiency. The insets indicate the coupler geographies at three phases. (b) A vertical polarization-insensitive grating coupler developed by an ANN model. Top: the operational configurations. The variables for ANN model are pictured as fiber angle, polarization, grating pitch, the duty cycle, and the fill factor (FF), respectively. Bottom: transmissions of an ANN-created grating coupler. The blue (TM0) and red (TE0) lines cross at 1.596 μm, resulting in the same amplitude of 0.31, thereby identifying the working wavelength for the requested polarization-insensitive coupler. (c) A ML methodology outlined for vertical grating couplers. The basic procedures contain steps of initial sparse collection of good designs, dimensionality reduction of machine learning and exhaustive mapping of the sub-space stages. (d) Cavity couplers reformed by TO for on-chip nonlinear optical devices. Left: an overall model illustrating functioning principle. The well-arranged black region acts as a coupler for energy exchange between a multimode cavity and a waveguide. Right: three developed couplers (featuring in red-dashed boxes) for second harmonic generation (SHG), sum-frequency generation (SFG), and frequency combs, respectively. In each framed area, black region is made of GaP, while the white part is assumed to be vacuum. Figures reproduced with permission: (a) Ref. [98], Copyright 2019 Nature Publishing Group; (b) Ref. [99], Copyright 2018 IEEE; (c) Ref. [100], Copyright 2019 Nature Publishing Group; (d) Ref. [101], Copyright 2018 OSA

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