Fig. 6

Overview of optical-electrical hybrid computing system. a Schematic diagram of architecture for the optical-electronic hybrid system. b Ratio of power cost to performance. S is the speed-up factor in Eq. (6). \( \overset{\sim }{E} \) represents energy budget per channel per symbol. The bar chart below represents a typical energy-per-symbol distribution. c Schematic illustrations for finite precision analysis in OPU. The upper panel shows the propagation routes of data in a VMM, with the blue solid arrow line and the green dash arrow line indicating correct and crosstalk routes respectively. The bottom left panel shows the deviation between actual physical quantity and ideal data. The bottom right panel depicts the relationship of accumulated error and bit precision in computing. d Convolution result of OPU with equivalent 4bit output precision