Table 1 Representative examples of organic optical waveguides

Microrod

Perylene diimide (PDI)

Red

0.13

[33]

Diphenylalanine (FF)

White

[34]

9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene (BPEA)

Orange

[35]

Microribbon

2,8-dichloro-5,11-dihexyl-indolo(3,2-b) carbazole (CHICZ)

Blue

0.01

[28]

1,4-bis((E)-4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)-styryl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (TPDSB)

Green

0.0175

[36]

1D flexible microstructure

Tetrafluoropyridyl derivative 1

Orange

R_bending = 0.00047,

R_straight = 0.00043

[37]

Pentafluorophenyl derivative 2

Green

R_bending=

0.001003,

R_straight = 0.000703

[37]

(E)-1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)iminomethyl-2-hydroxyl-naphthalene (DPIN)

red

R_bending = 0.000274,

R_straight = 0.000270

[38]

1,4-bis(2-cyanophenylethynyl)benzene

Blue

R_straight = 0.4967

[39]

1D microtube

9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene (BPEA)

Yellow

[40]

Polydiacetylene (PDA)

Red

0.18

[41]

Cocrystal: 4,4′-((1E,1′E) - (2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene) bis (ethene-2,1-diyl)) dipyridine (DPEpe) and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (F₄DIB)

Green

0.0145

[42]

1D uniformly doped microtube

Perylene doped 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole (TPI)

UV/green

0.097

[43]

1D uniformly doped microwire

Iridium (III) bis (2-phenyl benzothiozolato-N, C2’) acetylacetonate ((BT)₂Ir(acac) doped 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA)

Yellow

0.13

[29]

Perylene doped TPI

UV/green

0.155

[43]

1D core/shell microrod

9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene (BPEA)/chemo-reactive bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopen-toxy-phenyl) oxalate (CPPO)

Yellow/green

[31]

4,4′-((1E,1′E) - (2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene) bis (ethene-2,1-diyl)) dipyridine (DPEpe)/DPEpe-HCl

Green/red

0.0338

[44]

DPEpe-HCl/DPEpe

Red/green

0.054

[44]

Cocrystal: DPEpe and 4-bromo-2,3,5,6-tetra-fluorobenzoic acid (BrFTA)/DPEpe and 1,4-diiodotetra-fluorobenzene (F₄DIB)

Red/yellow

[32]

1D multiblock microstructure

trans-2,2′-((1E,1′E)-1,4-phenylenebis (ethene-2,1-diyl))-dibenzonitrile (trans-o-BCB)/Cis-2,2′-((1E,1′E)-1,4-phenylenebis (ethene-2,1-diyl))-dibenzonitrile (Cis-o-BCB)

Blue/red

0.035

[45]

[Ru (bpy)₃] ²⁺ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) doped [Ir (ppy)₂(pzpy)] ⁺ (ppy = 2 phenyl pyridine, pzpy = 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl) pyridine)

Green/red/orange

[46]

Closed-state (L-c)

Blue

[22]

Open-state (L-o)

Blue

[22]

1D branched microstructure

Aluminum tris(8-Hydroxyquinoline) (Alq₃) and 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ)

Red/green

[30]

1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-di[4′-(cyano) styryl] benzene (COPV) and 2,4,5 triphenyl imidazole (TPI)

Blue/green

[47]

2,2′-((1E,1′E)-1,4-phenylenebis (ethene-2,1-diyl))-dibenzonitrile (o-BCB)

Green

[48]