Fig. 3

The mechanism of one-dimensional waveguide and its influencing factors and test method. a Illustration of the theory of 1D optical waveguide. b Simulated 1D electric-field intensity distribution within a microwire. c Illustration of the formation of exciton polaritons, resulting from the strong coupling of photons and excitons. d Schematic demonstration of the experimental setup for the optical characterization. e Schematic demonstration of waveguide loss formula. f Fluorescence micrograph of the needlelike p-6P crystals. Scale bar: 50 μm. g Plot of optical loss coefficient versus sectional size of microfibers and exponential fit (bule line). a, e, g Reprinted with permission from ref. [49] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. b, c Reprinted with permission from ref. [50] Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. d Reprinted with permission from ref. [21] Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. f Reprinted with permission from ref. [3] Copyright 1999, American Institute of Physics