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Fig. 2 | PhotoniX

Fig. 2

From: Multi-vortex laser enabling spatial and temporal encoding

Fig. 2

Design of multi-vortex laser. a Schematic setup of the multi-vortex laser. LD: laser diode; L1 and L2: two round lenses; M1: concave mirror; OC: output coupler, which is printed with a concentric-rings pattern on the surface. b Threshold pump power of optical vortex oscillation versus the topological charge number l. parameters: r0 = 25 μm, r11 = 200 μm, r12 = 300 μm, r21 = 500 μm, r22 = 600 μm, r31 = 800 μm, r32 = 900 μm, r41 = 1100 μm, r42 = 1200 μm; curvature radius of M1 is -100 mm; cavity length is 4.5 cm; transmittance of OC is 2%; μ = 10.95; reflectivity of concave mirror M1 is 99.97%; and the intrinsic loss of gain medium L0 is 0.012. c Captured image of the concentric-rings pattern printed on OC with parameters in b. d Microscopy image of the framed region in c. Scale bars in c and d present 400 μm and 100 μm, respectively

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