Ultra-wideband terahertz fingerprint enhancement sensing and inversion model supported by single-pixel reconfigurable graphene metasurface

PhotoniX

Table 1 Broadband fingerprint sensing performance of recently reported metasurfaces

Material of metasurface	Resonance type	Multiplexed scheme	Spectral range	Tuning bandwidth	Analyte	Enhancement Factor	Ref
Ge	QBIC resonance	Single-pixel Angle-multiplexed	Mid-IR	\(\sim\) 700 nm	PMMA	16.9 dB	[36]
Silicon	Mie resonance	Single-pixel Angle-multiplexed	Mid-IR	\(\sim\) 1005 nm	2, 4-DNT	10 dB	[39]
Silicon	Mie resonance	Multi-pixel Geometry-multiplexed	Mid-IR	\(\sim\) 400 nm	Protein A/G	17.7 dB	[35]
graphene	Plasma resonance	N/A Voltage tuning	Mid-IR	\(\sim\) 550 nm	Protein A/G	N/A	[53]
SiO₂	QBIC resonance	N/A Thickness-multiplexed	THz	\(\sim\) 0.8 THz	Histidine	25 dB	[76]
PE	Guided-mode resonance	N/A Angle-multiplexed	THz	\(\sim\) 0.5 THz	α-lactose	10 dB	[41]
Graphene + Au	Diopole resonance	Multi-pixel Voltage tuning	THz	\(\sim\) 1 THz	Glucose	6 dB	[40]
Graphene	EIT resonance	Single-pixel Voltage tuning	THz	\(\sim\) 1.5 THz	Chiral carnitine	17.4 dB	This work