Fig. 1

Design concept of the proposed reconfigurable graphene metasurface. a Schematic diagram of graphene metasurface. Here, The Fermi level of graphene can be manipulated by double-channel voltage tuning, thereby achieving the multi-functional multiplexing of the metasurface in a broadband range (0.5 \(\sim\) 2.0 THz). b The geometric parameters of the lattice. The periods along the x- and y-directions are P_x = 18.5 μm and P_y = 37 μm. For the single-layer graphene structure in the x–y plane, L = 15 μm, W = 2.5 μm, D = 3.5 μm, G₁ = 1.5 μm, G₂ = 6 μm. The purple frame marks that adjacent periodic structures are connected as a 'ring chain'. c Visualization of the device architecture. The metasurface consists of top gold electrodes (source and drain electrode), single-layer graphene resonator arrays, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) dielectric layer, silicon substrate, and bottom gold electrodes (gate electrode)