Fig. 5

Demonstration of integrated four-dimensional light field sensors. a Photograph of integrated light field sensors composing a liquid crystal cell and imaging chip. The inset is the crossed-polarized optical image of the disordered liquid crystal film, showing schlieren textures. The black arrows are the polarizer and analyzer directions. The scale bar is 150 \(\upmu\)m. b Schematic of the experimental setup. SLM: spatial light modulator, AOTF: acoustic-optical tunable filter, SC laser: super-continuum laser. c,d The typical input (left panel) and predicted results (right panel) of multiple-OAM modes in combinations of four polarizations (\(P_1\), \(P_4\), \(P_7\), \(P_9\)) at the wavelength of (c) 650 nm and (d) 660 nm. The labeled light wavelength is predicted by the MTL-DNN rather than predetermined. e,f The typical input (left panel) and predicted results (right panel) for the poly-chromatic light field in combinations of four polarizations (\(P_1\), \(P_4\), \(P_7\), \(P_9\)) for (e) multiple-OAM state 1 and (f) multiple-OAM state 2. These polarization states \(P_i\) are illustrated in Fig. 2e. The input power spectra of multiple-OAM state 1 are \(l=-1\) (20%), 1 (50%), 3 (30%); the input power spectra of multiple-OAM state 2 are \(l=-3\) (50%), -1 (30%), 3 (20%). The labeled multiple-OAM state is predicted by the MTL-DNN rather than predetermined. g The reconstruction error of polarization, power, wavelength and multiple-OAM on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)