Fig. 3

Full-Stokes polarimetry by leveraging DNN. a Polarization states from the DNN predicted results (solid circles) and their corresponding input values (hollow circles) are plotted in the Poincaré sphere. The symbols’ colors differentiate the optical power for the input and predicted states. b The results from (a) are projected onto the normalized \(S_1-S_2\), \(S_1-S_3\) and \(S_2-S_3\) planes for better clarity and analysis. c Predicted power (\(S_0\)) as a function of incidence power. The red area corresponds to a 5% error in power measurements. d The loss function versus epochs for the training and testing datasets