Fig. 9

a Fresnel zone plate made of nanogratings in fused silica [153]. Copyright 2002, Optica Publishing Group. b Polarization diffraction gratings made of nanogratings in fused silica [157]. Copyright 2010, Optica Publishing Group. c Optical vortex converter made of nanogratings in GeO₂ glass [166]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH. d In-line polarizer made by inscribing nanogratings in a single mode fiber [169]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. e Near-infrared light attenuator made of periodic crystallization induced in LTN glass [115]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH. f Tunable photonic crystal fabricated by ULSN-induced periodic crystallization [78]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. g Ultralow-loss polarization convertor made of self-organized nanopores in fused silica and h) corresponding beam conversion results [127]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature