Fig. 4
a Schematic illustration of a three-electrode configuration for the PEC test. b LSV curves of the 3J photoanode measured in a three-electrode setup in Red Sea water (pH = 8.2) under 1 sun illumination and dark electrolysis of the Ru-Ir-TiOx co-catalyst. c LSV curves of the photoanode under 1 sun illumination in a three-electrode setup for each extraction stage. d Chronopotentiometry experiments at a current density of 2.96 mA cm.−2