Table 5 The comparison of three methods
Method | Sample acquisition | Data collection | Data processing | Clinical application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Raman spectroscopy | • Tissue • Body fluids • Cell | • Confocal Raman microscope • Raman enhancement instrument | • Multivariate statistical methods • Artificial intelligence • Peak comparison | • Tissue diagnosis of normal and cancerous • Body fluid diagnosis of normal and cancerous • Cell detection for cancer screening |
SERS | • Body fluids • Tumor markers • Biomolecules related to tumor • Cell • Tissue • SERS substrate (Addition) | • Confocal Raman microscope • Handheld/ portable Raman spectrometers | • Multivariate statistical methods • Artificial intelligence • Peak comparison | • Detection and analysis of tumor biomarkers • Detection of biomolecules related to tumor growth and dissemination |
Raman imaging | • Tissue • Cell • Tumor markers | • Raman enhancement instrument • Confocal Raman microscope • Line scan Raman instrument | • Artificial intelligence • Multivariate statistical methods • Cohen’s kappa • Peak comparison | • Tissue diagnosis of normal and cancerous, normal and cancerous subtypes • Cell biochemical and structural feature analysis • Tumor biomarker diagnosis |