Recent application of Raman spectroscopy in tumor diagnosis: from conventional methods to artificial intelligence fusion

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Table 4 Raman imaging for tumor diagnosis

Sample	Target	Technology	Method	Diagnosis	Ref
Tissue	-	CRM	Peak comparison	Benign cementoma	[160]
	-		PLS-DA	Bladder cancer	[161]
	HAp		PCA	Breast cancer	[166]
	-		-	Breast cancer	[167]
	-		-	Chondrogenic Tumors	[169]
	-		Peak comparison	Colon cancer	[170]
	-		-	Skin cancer	[175]
	-		SVM	Skin cancer	[180]
	-	SRH	Cohen’s kappa	Brain & spine tumors	[164]
	-		-	Brain & spine tumors	[165]
	-		Cohen’s kappa	Glioma	[171]
	-		Cohen’s kappa	Meningiomas	[172]
	-		Cohen’s kappa	Sinonasal & skull base tumors	[176]
	-		Cohen’s kappa	Skull base tumors	[177]
	-		-	Central nervous system lesions	[181]
	-	LSRM	PCA-SVM	Pituitary adenomas	[182]
Cell	-	CRM	PCA, PLS-DA	Bladder cancer cells	[162]
	-		RF	Breast cancer cells	[168]
	EVs		-	Breast cancer cells	[183]
	Fatty acid		-	Cervical cancer cells	[184]
	Vitamin C		Peak comparison	Colorectal cancer cells	[59]
	Lipids		-	Endothelial cells	[185]
	Retinol		-	Glioblastoma cancer cells	[186]
	Cholesteryl esters		-	Prostate cancer cells	[156]
	-		PCA		[173]
	LDs		-		[174]
	LDs	SRS	-	Breast cancer cell	[187]
	-		-	Cervical cancer cell	[188]
	Ponatinib		-	Leukemia cell	[189]
	Glycogen		-	Melanoma cell	[178]
	LDs		-	Melanoma cell	[179]
	-		-	Pancreatic cancer cell	[190]
	Telomerase, microRNA	SERS	-	Breast & cervical cancer cells	[191]
	Exosomes		-	Cervical cancer cell	[192]
	-		-	Cervical cancer cell	[193]
	-		-	Colon cancer cell	[194]
	Membrane receptor		-	Colon cancer cell	[195]
	-		-	Glioblastoma cells	[196]
Tissue	-	SRS	SVM	Glioblastomas	[197]
	Calcifications	SRS	SVM	Breast tumor	[198]
	-	SRH	CNN	Brain tumor	[31]
	-		CNN		[199]
	Cell		CNN		[200]
	-		CNN	Gastric cancer	[201]
	-		CNN	Glioma	[202]
	-		CNN	Laryngeal carcinoma	[203]

CRM Confocal Raman microscope, CNN Convolutional neural network, EVs Extracellular vesicles, HAp Hydroxyapatite, LSRM Line scan Raman microspectroscopy, LDs Lipid droplets, PLS Partial least squares, DA Discriminate analysis, PCA Principal component analysis, RF Random forest, SERS Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SRH Stimulated Raman histology, SRS Stimulated Raman scattering, SVM Support-vector machines