Fig. 2
Characterization of micron water bubble formation on Pd surface. a Schematic illustrations for understanding the underlying mechanism of water bubble formation on Pd surfaces after H2/O2 adsorption undergoing the atomic-level catalytic reaction. b Top-view microscopic images and corresponding side-view illustrations of PBVE-coated Pd surface under H2 gas exposure at atmospheric condition. c Concepts and working principles of FLIC observation for micron water bubble formation at PBVE/Pd interface. d FL intensity of micrograph monitored using FITC filter (100 s). e Measured FL intensities from dashed lines of d (A: red, B: sky-blue, and C: orange) with simulated FL curves (solid-lines) with respect to the hwater modulations. f FL intensity-based simulation results of PBVE deformation by water bubble formation. Scale bar, 10 μm